Program

A Plan to Keep Toads Out of the Pilbara 

Ben Phillips, The University of Melbourne

This year, by arriving in Derby, cane toads finalised their conquest of the Kimberley. It took them 15 years. In that time toads have spread from Kununurra to Derby and had a massive impact on native predators such as quolls, and goannas. They are now on their way to the Pilbara, Australia’s last stronghold for many toad-imperilled taxa. Wouldn’t it be nice if we could stop them? In this talk I draw on more than a decade of work, from several independent groups, to argue that it is not only possible, but quite feasible to stop them. Such a move would be a nationally significant conservation action at a very modest cost. What are we waiting for?

Insights from Feral Cat Ecology used to Inform Integrated Management of Invasive Predators in the Fitz-Stirling

Sarah Comer, The University of Western Australia / Bush Heritage Australia

Co-Authors:
Jeff Pinder, Bush Heritage Australia
Alex Hams, Bush Heritage Australia

Since 2002 Bush Heritage Australia (BHA) has been involved in the restoration and management of over 10,000 ha of reserves in the Fitz-Stirling, with fauna targets including the Black-gloved Wallaby, Tammar Wallaby, Malleefowl and Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo. Integrated invasive predator management has become a focus for BHA in this biodiversity hotspot, with an aim to conserve and restore populations of native species. A recent PhD study has provided insights into the movement and ecology of feral cats (Felis catus) in this landscape, which are now being used to inform management. Nine feral cats were gps-tracked for up to twelve months, with resource selection functions finding that cats predictably use areas of native vegetation and moisture gaining sites to move through the landscape. Feral cats were found to predate a significantly higher diversity of native species than expected, with a number of threatened species found in cat stomachs collected in the Fitz-Stirling corridor. Introduced rodents were a more important food resource than rabbits. Stable isotopes have been used to look at seasonal changes in dietary niche and supported the wider dietary preferences of feral cats in this landscape when compared to counterparts in intact remnant vegetation. These novel methods also provide an opportunity to understand longer term dietary habits of invasive predators, and to document prey switching behaviour. In this paper we discuss the findings of this study and their application to the protection and enhancement of populations of native fauna in a fragmented landscape from the impacts of the feral cat.

Understanding Sources of Feral Cats in Dryandra Woodland Through DNA Analysis

Robyn Shaw, The Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions

Co-Authors:
Karen Bettink, Peel-Harvey Catchment Council
Melanie Durack, Peel-Harvey Catchment Council
Marissah Kruger, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
Peter Lacey, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
Brian MacMahon, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
Deanna Rasmussen, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
Christine Townsend, Peel-Harvey Catchment Council
Kym Ottewell, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions

Feral cats (Felis catus) are recognised as one of the most harmful invasive species globally and have been implicated in the severe decline of many small to medium-sized mammals in Australia. Genetic analyses can reveal insights into the history and ecology of invasive species and can help guide the design of management and eradication programs through identifying patterns of genetic structure, gene flow, diversity and relatedness.

The Dryandra Woodland represents the largest and most diverse remnants of native vegetation in the central Western Australian Wheatbelt. It is also home to endangered species that are vulnerable to predation by feral cats, like Woylies and numbats. However, Dryandra is fragmented by agricultural land, where edge effects exacerbate the impacts of introduced species. To help prevent invasion and re-invasion by feral cats into the woodland, the Peel-Harvey Catchment Council, the DBCA Wheatbelt Region and Project Numbat have been assisting landholders adjacent to Dryandra Woodland to achieve effective off-reserve control. Using samples obtained following cat control activities, we used genetic analyses to investigate potential source populations of feral cats in Dryandra and explored the genetic evidence for the effectiveness of cat control. We found that there was low genetic structure across the study area suggesting feral cats have a high capacity for dispersal in this landscape, with a genetic neighbourhood size of up to 20 km. We detected potential source populations to the north and east of the study area, while low relatedness within some of the southern satellite woodland blocks was suggestive of sink dynamics. Trends in genetic diversity and effective population size suggest that feral cat control has resulted in population contraction in the study area. This information can help adapt and focus control efforts to manage the threat of feral cats to endangered mammal species in this landscape.

Studying the Diet of the Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes): One of Australia’s Biggest Biodiversity Killers 

Natalie Grassi, Murdoch University 

Co-Authors: 
John-Michael Stuart, Murdoch University 
Charlotte Oskam, Murdoch University 
Heather Crawford, Murdoch University 
Patricia Fleming, Murdoch University 

Invasive predators, such as the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), are key drivers of biodiversity loss, with foxes currently threatening a recorded 350 native Australian species. This study describes the diet of the fox in an arid landscape to determine their impact of native species and compare the diet of Pilbara foxes to the diet of foxes studied elsewhere in Australia. Morphological analyses were conducted for 22 dissected gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) and 144 scats collected from Mundabullangana Station and Onslow between 2016-2019. 

We found significant variation in diet composition between sample types (P=0.001), with large mammals and dragons more frequently recorded in GITs rather than scats, likely due to the relatively restricted ability to detect and identify prey extracted from scats. We found no significant variation in diet composition between age cohorts for GITs (P=>0.9) or scats (P=0.1). 

Over two thirds (69.6%) of GITs and almost half (48.6%) of scats contained native mammal remains, while introduced mammals occurred in just over half (52.2%) of GITs and almost a third (31.3%) of scats. Over a quarter (27.8%) of scats and half of GITs (56.6%) contained native reptiles, including the conservation significant flatback turtle (Natator depressus). We identified predation against three species not previously recorded within fox diet; the endangered northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus), the semi-endemic little red kaluta (Dasykaluta rosamondae), and the Pilbara two-lined dragon (Diporiphora valens), bringing the total number of recorded species predated by foxes to 353. These Pilbara diet samples showed significantly greater predation of native mammals and reptiles than other Australian fox diet analyses. 

Impacts were identified on native wildlife, showing that native wildlife comprises a significant proportion of fox diet in the Pilbara, providing additional evidence of foxes threatening native biodiversity. 

Intensive Assessment of Cane Toad Impact on the Endangered Northern Quoll and Application of Conditioned Taste Aversion in the Western Kimberley

Thomas Sayers, Australian Wildlife Conservancy

Co-Authors:
Rohan Wilson, Torres Strait Regional Authority
Skye Cameron, Australian Wildlife Conservancy

The Northern Quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus) has experienced widespread range contractions and local extinction across Northern Australia, primarily driven by the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina). The capacity of quoll populations to persist and recover post toad arrival, however, is poorly understood. There are few long-term, intensive studies that have assessed quoll populations post toad arrival relative to a pre-toad baseline. While Condition Taste Aversion (CTA) trials suggest the use of toad sausages before toad arrival might reduce the impact on quolls, application and effectiveness in wild populations also remains inconclusive. We implemented a long term, intensive monitoring program in the Artesian Range, Kimberley, across eight sites, covering the pre and post invasion phase up to 3 years post toad arrival to assess the impact on quoll populations. In addition, CTA baiting was trialed at one site for three months prior to toads arriving. Northern Quoll abundance and population estimates were obtained via baited camera arrays and Spatial Explicit Capture Recapture (SECR) analysis, with cane toad invasion monitored by spotlight and camera surveys. Despite considerable CTA effort, no quolls were shown to consume CTA baits, supporting recent studies that suggest CTA is not a feasible mitigation tool. The quoll population across the eight sites suffered a combined 73% decline in abundance within the first year of toad invasion, however, are persisting three years post toad arrival with reduced abundance. This study provides a baseline to assess longer-term impacts of cane toads on Northern Quolls and whether populations can recover unassisted to pre-toad levels. When incorporating habitat suitability and the impact of other threats, this data can further be used to predict the likelihood of quoll persistence to help direct targeted conservation management programs in areas where quolls persist and aid in facilitating connectivity of populations.

Using Activity Indices to Assess Integrated Management of Rabbits, Foxes, and Feral Cats in the Mid-West Region of Western Australia

Angela Recalde Salas, Bush Heritage Australia

Co-Author:
Michelle Hall, Bush Heritage Australia

The negative impact of clearing and degradation of native vegetation on Australian biodiversity is exacerbated by invasive species such as rabbits, foxes and feral cats. Different management actions are used to control these species, but their efficacy is not clearly understood. This project used remote camera data collected in multiple reserves across the Mid-West of Western Australia between 2020 and 2022, to evaluate the effectiveness of baiting. We compared activity before and after baiting in baited and unbaited areas (replicated BACI design) to determine whether baiting has been effective in the region. Activity of introduced and key native species was used as an indicator of species response to the management. Environmental and ecological parameters (i.e., cumulative rain, temperature, prey availability, season) were included in the model to differentiate landscape from management drivers. Preliminary results of this study suggest that the effectiveness of baiting is dependent on the invasive species targeted and seasonal factors, and therefore should be complemented with additional actions for effective management.

Rehabilitating Roe 8, Recreating an Urban Wildlife Corridor 

Adam Peck, City of Cockburn

Rehabilitating Roe 8 (RR8) is a ten-year project, running from 2018 to 2028. It arose after clearing in 2016 and 2017 for the highly controversial ‘Roe Highway, Stage 8’. Thousands of ordinary citizens rose up to protect this land for good reason, knowing the value of the remnant vegetation. Connected habitat is an important asset in fragmented urban areas, allowing fauna and flora to disperse and thrive. The aim of the project is to restore habitat in the corridor back to its original state (or as close as possible). There are seven distinct habitat types in the corridor, making it a complex restoration exercise. These include Wet Forest and Woodland, Banksia Woodland, Tuart Woodland and the relatively rare Banksia-Woody Pear Woodland. The Roe 8 corridor is a critical part of the larger Cockburn Community Wildlife Corridor (CCWC). Weed management is a crucial part of the project and assistance is given by CCWC volunteers doing hand weeding.
RR8 shows that urban land clearing is reversible and that rewilding our cities is possible. The benefits are clear: biodiversity gains, carbon sequestration, giving city dwellers access to nature, reducing the Urban Heat Island Effect and more. This talk will summarise progress to date and highlight the value of retaining and restoring this important biodiversity asset.

From Scats to Stats: The Development and Applications of Scat Genetic Monitoring 

Rujiporn Sun, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions

Co-Authors: 
Shelley McArthur, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 
Diana Prada, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 
Kym Ottewell, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 

DNA obtained from non- or minimally invasive samples such as scats, hairs, feathers, and shells can be used to monitor individuals in conservation settings, an approach known as ‘molecular tagging’. Non-invasive sampling is favoured over live capture due to the ability to monitor elusive species, as well as minimise human disturbance and eliminate risk of injury or death during live capture. Here we demonstrate the development and applications of ‘molecular tagging’ using scats from one bat and three mammal species (ghost bat, banded hare wallaby, rufous hare wallaby, and bilby). First, we pre-select potential Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers from population genomic data to generate a panel of ~50 SNPs markers for individual identification. Second, DNA is extracted from scats using protocols that handle poor quantity/quality scat DNA. Extracted DNA is then genotyped with the pre-selected SNP panels on the MassArray platform. We can also assign sex to scats using custom-made sexing markers. Lastly, the data generated is processed in our custom-made publicly available R package ‘ScatMatch’ by filtering scat genotypes’ quality, assigning scats to individuals and incorporating other metadata such as GPS locations and sex into the final report. Genetic tagging can reveal spatial and temporal patterns of habitat usage, dispersal events, track hybridization patterns, and can be incorporated into models to estimate abundance (mark recapture) and distribution (species distribution model). Importantly it can be a cost-effective means to assess the success of conservation management interventions such as translocations or predator control. Molecular tagging provides a bridge between genetics and ecology to gain insights into species’ biology and represents a valuable tool in the species monitoring toolkit. 

Unravelling the Biodiversity of Australian Salt Lakes – Molecular Phylogeny of Mytilocypridinae Giant Ostracods

Mahabubur Rahman, Murdoch University

Co-Authors:
Jennifer Chaplin, Murdoch University
Adrian Pinder, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions

Salt lakes (enclosed bodies of water with a salinity > 3 g/L) are a common and ubiquitous feature in Australia, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Despite their prevalence, our understanding of the biota within these ecosystems is inadequate, making it challenging to assess the impacts of various threats, such as secondary salinisation, mining, and climate change. Mytilocypridinae ostracods are important and diverse components of salt lakes. The most recent taxonomic revision, conducted in 2004, was based on morphological data and suggested the existence of 21 species in six genera. We used a combination of morphological and molecular data (COI, 16S, and 28S) to evaluate the current taxonomy of this group. While the phylogenetic analysis supported aspects of the existing taxonomy, it revealed seven new species, two new putative species, and merged two described species into one. We also identified two species that were probably assigned to the wrong genera and presented preliminary evidence suggesting that some of the currently-recognised genera may not be monophyletic. Our results have improved understanding of the diversity of Mytilocypridinae giant ostracods and will underpin future studies on their evolution, ecology and conservation.

A Comparison of the Diversity and Abundance of Native Oomycete Pathogens and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Under and Away from Banksia Species at Two Locations with Contrasting Rainfall 

Zhao Zhang, The University of Western Australia 

Co-Authors: 
Hans Lambers, The University of Western Australia 
Patrick M. Finnegan, The University of Western Australia 
Kosala Ranathunge, The University of Western Australia 
Duccio Migliorini, The University of Western Australia 
Felipe E. Albornoz, CSIRO Land and Water 

South-western Australia is one of the most plant species-rich regions in the world and has extremely phosphorus (P)-impoverished soils. Recently, root colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has been found in a few Banksia species along the Warren chronosequence with higher annual rainfall (1185 mm), but not along the arid Jurien Bay chronosequence (533 mm). The role of AMF is often thought to help plants acquire P in relatively poor soils, but their abundance in the roots is suppressed in extremely P-impoverished soil. The investigated Banksia species can release carboxylates to mobilise soil P allowing them to acquire P more efficiently than mycorrhizal hyphae in extremely P-impoverished soil. Therefore, it is important to explore what the actual ecological role of AMF is in these conditions. Native oomycete pathogens are widespread in south-western Australian shrublands, and oomycete pathogen diversity may be greater where there is more rainfall and litter. In addition, roots of Banksia without a suberised exodermis, thus making them more susceptible to pathogens. Thus, we hypothesise that the presence of AMF in the roots of few Banksia species that occur along the Warren chronosequence may help host plants to defend against native oomycete pathogens. This project will focus on root-associated soil biota, including native oomycete pathogens as well as AMF. The objectives of this study are to test the following hypotheses: (1) the abundance and diversity of native oomycete pathogens as well as AMF are greater along the Warren chronosequence than along the Jurien Bay chronosequence; (2) the diversity and abundance of native oomycete pathogens are lower in soils under Banksia than away from Banksia along the Warren chronosequence; (3) AMF are present in the roots of all Banksia species along the Warren chronosequence. 

Phosphorus-Acquisition Strategies in Proteaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae and Ericaceae in Contrasting Habitats 

Lingling Chen, The University of Western Australia 

Severely P-impoverished soil is one of the obvious environmental features of Southwest Australia, a biodiversity hotspot which has led to species in this region having traits that have evolved over millions of years to enhance their P-acquisition efficiency. Species in this region can express various and/or multiple P-acquisition strategies, which depend on their genetic capacity (e.g., mycorrhizal vs. cluster-root-producing strategies), time (since fire or germination) and position in the landscape (soil P concentrations or P-mobilising neighbours). Alison Baird Reserve contains more than 400 native terrestrial plant species contributing significantly to the diversity of south-western Australia. Although the soils in Alison Baird Reserve are P-impoverished, the site comprises a combination of clay flat areas and Bassendean sand dunes, which differ in soil depth to a hard layer, and in P concentration. Alison Baird Reserve is an ideal site to explore the diversity in P-acquisition strategies of plant species in soils with varying degrees of P-impoverishment. Understanding the diversity in P-acquisition strategies of different species in P-impoverished soils is critical for protecting species richness. The study aims to identify the P-acquisition strategies of some species which underpin the distribution of plant species in part of Alison Baird Reserve, in contrasting habitats. We aimed to test the following hypotheses: (1) P-acquisition strategies of species depend on their locations. For the same species, different strategies are exhibited on the flat areas and the Bassendean sand dune. (2) Species with root traits that differ from most members of their family, such as Stirlingia latifolia (Proteaceae) and Daviesia physodes (Fabaceae), have significantly different P-acquisition strategies from other species in their families at both locations (the flat areas and the top of the Bassendean sand dune). 

Nitrate-Uptake Restraint in Banksia Spp. (Proteaceae) and Melaleuca Spp. (Myrtaceae) from a Severely Phosphorus-Impoverished Environment 

Shu Tong Liu, The University of Western Australia 

Co-Authors: 
Kosala Ranathunge, The University of Western Australia 
Hans Lambers, The University of Western Australia 
Patrick Finnegan, The University of Western Australia 

South-western Australia has some of the most phosphorus (P)-impoverished soils in the world. Hakea prostrata (Proteaceae) has nitrate (NO3-)-uptake restraint as an adaptive strategy to be more P-efficient. It is unknown how common this trait is in other Proteaceae and in co-occurring plant families in south-western Australia. Banksia attenuata (Proteaceae), B. telmatiaea, Melaleuca seriata (Myrtaceae) and M. rhaphiophylla were grown with no NO3-, Medium (500 µM) NO3- or High (2500 µM) NO3- treatments with no other source of nitrogen (N). Banksia attenuata, B. telmatiaea and M. seriata had the same total N content when supplied with High NO3- as they did when supplied with Medium NO3-. All four species had the same leaf NO3–N concentration between High and Medium NO3- treatments, which was no more than 6% of leaf total N. All four species had similar leaf NO3- concentrations as those of plants growing in their natural habitat where the available soil nitrate concentration was much lower. This is in sharp contrast with plants that are typically studied. We conclude that all four species have NO3–uptake restraint to different degrees. Nitrate-uptake restraint may be a convergent trait common to many species that evolved in severely P-impoverished soils. 

The Use of Novel Light Monitoring Methods on Barrow Island to Measure Light Emissions and Potential Impacts of Artificial Light on Seafinding of Marine Turtle Hatchlings 

Adam Mitchell, Pendoley Environmental 

Co-Authors: 
Kellie Pendoley, Pendoley Environmental 
Blair Hardman, Chevron Australia 

Barrow Island is an A-Class nature reserve located of the northern coast of Western Australia and home to several threatened and endangered species, including several species of marine turtles. Chevron Australia currently operate the Gorgon LNG facility located on the east coast of the island, where a large number of flatback turtles nest between November and March each year. It is well-understood that artificial light can mis- or dis-orient marine turtle hatchlings when trying to find the ocean. Therefore, environmental approval conditions for the project require that light emissions from the facility be managed and monitored regularly. 
Commercially available equipment for measuring light have limitations that make them unsuitable for understanding how light emissions change over time and how these changes may be influencing hatchling behaviour. This gap has driven Pendoley Environmental to develop two novel technologies: 
1. Wireless, realtime light monitoring sensors that operate every night and capture thousands of light measurements on an annual basis; and 
2. Autonomous DSLR cameras that capture and quantify visible light in a 360 degree field of view from sensitive wildlife habitat. 
Both of these technologies form part of the long term artificial light monitoring strategy on Barrow Island and help ensure existing lighting mitigation practices are adhered to and sufficient for preventing significant impacts on marine turtle hatchlings. 

Coastal Marine Habitat Enhancement 

Chris Beaton, City of Cockburn 

The City of Cockburn is a peri urban Council in Perth. The City has been both managing and rehabilitating terrestrial natural areas, including wetlands and coastal dunes, for over 25 years with great results. With over 1200 hectares under management, the City has garnered an excellent reputation in both management and rehabilitation and is considered the benchmark for local government in these areas, having won numerous awards and been asked to deliver numerous presentations. The City has recently ventured into the marine environment and begun re-establishing and enhancing marine biodiversity. 
The City installed Australia’s first Eco Shark Barrier, which allows residents and visitors to swim with confidence in the ocean and also acts as a fish attractant with both marine flora and fauna establishing on the barrier. The City has established the Coogee Maritime Trail which features the wreck of the Omeo, underwater artwork, old anchors and over 50 specially designed structures which provide habitat for marine biodiversity. This trail also provides important educational material on marine habitat and maritime archelogy. The site is used by schools and dive companies as a valuable teaching and training resource. 
The City has installed Australia’s first engineered fringing reef. Designed to work with nature to minimise coastal erosion it also creates much needed habitat in an area. The reef is over 80 metres offshore, 100m in length and is easily accessible for snorkelling. The reef will be doubled in size in October 2023. To compliment the habitat provided by the reef, the City also partnered with the Seeds for Snapper and seeded the site with seagrass seeds. 
Other initiatives to be explained include the construction of a new jetty, designed to retain the old pylons of the existing jetty to retain valuable marine habitat. The City is also undertaking a coral feasibility study to determine if coral can be successfully established to assist natural coral migration. 

Phylogenetic Assessment of the Halophilic Australian Gastropod Coxiella and South African Tomichia Resolves Taxonomic Uncertainties, Uncovers New Species and Supports a Gondwanan Link 

Angus Lawrie, Murdoch University 

Co-Authors: 
Jennifer Chaplin, Murdoch University 
Lisa Kirkendale, Western Australian Museum 
Corey Whisson, Western Australian Museum 
Adrian Pinder, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions 
Musa Mlambo, Albany Museum 

Genetic and morphological data have suggested a Gondwanan connection between the three non-marine aquatic gastropod genera Coxiella Smith, 1894, Tomichia Benson, 1851 and Idiopyrgus Pilsbry, 1911. These genera have recently been included in the family Tomichiidae Wenz, 1938, however, further assessment of the validity of this family is warranted. Coxiella is an obligate halophile that occurs in Australian salt lakes while Tomichia occurs in saline and freshwater environments in southern Africa and Idiopyrgus is a freshwater taxon from South America. Despite their novel evolutionary and ecological characteristics, Coxiella, Tomichia and Idiopyrgus are poorly studied, and the lack of a contemporary taxonomic framework restricts our ability to assess the risk of declining habitat quality to these gastropods. We used data from four genes (COI, 16S, 28S and 18S) in 20 species from all three genera to undertake the most comprehensive phylogenetic test of the Tomichiidae to date. Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses of a concatenated dataset (2974 bp) of all four genes strongly supported a monophyletic Tomichiidae. The COI analysis (n = 307) identified 14 reciprocally monophyletic lineages in Coxiella that comprised 8 of the 9 currently described species and at least 6 putative new species. Four distinct genetic clades of species with somewhat distinctive morphologies were found, each of which may constitute a distinct genus. Four species of Tomichia were identified, including three described and one putatively new species. Current species descriptions of Coxiella do not account for the range of morphological variation observed within most described species, and although morphology is reasonably effective at delineating between clades, it is of limited use when trying to separate closely related Coxiella species. The improved understanding of the taxonomy and diversity of Tomichia and Coxiella will underpin future studies and management of these taxa. 

A Comparison of Multiple Species Distribution Models and Ensemble Model Technique for Ecological Niche Analysis: An Australian Biosecurity Case Study using False Codling Moth as an Exemplar Species

Xingyu (Mia) Li, Murdoch University

Co-Authors: 
Robert Emery, Murdoch University  
Grey Coupland, Murdoch University  
Yonglin Ren, Murdoch University Simon McKirdy, Murdoch University 

Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) based on different modelling algorithms are widely used to predict the potential distribution of species. Thaumatotibia leucotreta (false codling moth) was used as an exemplar pest species to assess and compare performance of six Species Distribution Models: Generalised Linear Models, Generalised Additive Modelling, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines, Random Forest, Mixture Discriminant Analysis, and Support Vector Machine. Additionally, this study introduced ‘Ensemble Modelling Technique’, which weighted and combined the included individual models based on their performance. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Ensemble Model in improving the accuracy and reliability of these individual SDMs. This research utilized a comprehensive set of metrics and the results consistently reports that Random Forest exhibited superior performance among the six single SDMs and even outperformed the Ensemble Model. In this study, the Ensemble Model presented moderate performance as its performance relies on the quality of its constituent models. These results underscore the importance of critically evaluating multiple SDMs as the primary option to select the most suitable model for accurate predictions. Additionally, the Ensemble Modelling can serve as an alternative option to achieve confident and dependable predictions, particularly in situations where time and labor constraints and limiting factors. There was variability in prediction maps created using alternative SDMs but there was overlapping habitat suitability mainly across coastal regions of Australia. The lowest temperature of the coldest month and annual temperature were shown to be the most important factors in determining T. leucotreta’s distribution. This study provides important information to modellers and biosecurity policy-makers regarding the importance of model selection based on performance, allowing for more appropriate selection of models for delivering more accurate guidance in invasive pest management. 

Learning to be a Good Neighbour…and the Neighbour’s are Microbats! 

Jayden O’Brien, Fortescue Metals Group 

Obtaining robust scientific information is vital for good decision-making to enable sustainable economic development whilst mitigating potential impact to threatened species. An example of this is the research Fortescue Metals Group has been undertaking on one of only several known natural Pilbara leaf-nosed bat maternity roosts within the East Pilbara, housing a colony of over 200 individuals. 
The colony has been intensively studied since April 2021. This has involved monthly cave entry to collect scat material in order to quantify and track colony membership, the first study of this kind for the species. Using the database of genotypes that were sequenced from the scat, cross-colony movements between other known diurnal PLNB roosts in the surrounding area were also examined. The timing of the study also coincided with a ramp-up in construction, and subsequent mining activity, which enabled a rare opportunity for the roost to be studied as a model colony and identify whether increasing anthropogenic disturbance had an impact on colony activity and their movements within the study area. 
Over 2,000 individual bats were detected from unique genotypes over a 24-month sampling period, with 748 detected more than once during the study. A total of 30 cross-colony movements were detected across six different roosts, which represents clear evidence of movement amongst roosts in the district, at differing scales of distance. There was also evidence of movement within a single survey period, suggesting that short-term movement is possible, even at relatively long distances. 
The detection of inter-roost movement of individuals is significant as it demonstrates that bats can move either naturally or in response to anthropogenic activity and reach another roost within the period of a single night. It also highlights that colony membership of a roost is fluid and is not confined to a group of individuals that are isolated from surrounding colonies. 

Using Mosquito Derived iDNA for Terrestrial Vertebrate Monitoring in Kakadu 

Christine Chivas, Macquarie University 

Co-Authors: 
Anthony Chariton, Macquarie Universtiy 
Adam Stow, Macquarie University 
Andrew Harford, DCCEEW Supervising Scientist Branch 
Tom Mooney, DCCEEW Supervising Scientist Branch 
David Loewensteiner, DCCEEW Supervising Scientist Branch 
Kate Montgomery, DCCEEW Supervising Scientist Branch  

Globally the loss and decline of biodiversity is occurring at an increasing rate. These patterns of loss are mirrored in Australia’s rate of mammal extinctions, with the highest rate of mammal loss in the world. Gaining detailed information on the occurrence and distribution of threatened species is crucial in protecting against future losses. Traditionally, this is undertaken through techniques that rely on physical capture, visual observation or through the collection of traces such as scat or fur. Although such techniques are often skewed towards the detection of large or common species and may miss those that are small, shy, cryptic or rare. Recently, the use of invertebrate derived DNA (iDNA) has shown promise through its sensitive detection of mammals, from ingested DNA of hematophagous, carrion or scat feeding invertebrates. This presentation seeks to provide an insight into the use of mosquito derived iDNA for broad scale terrestrial vertebrate monitoring in Kakadu National Park. This project assessed mammal and avian diversity from bulk mosquito samples sequenced using a shotgun sequencing approach. The resulting data will provide further insight into the diversity of the region and guide the future application of iDNA as terrestrial vertebrate monitoring tool. 

Little Feet to Wide Wings: Naturelinks Promote Connectivity for All 

Jane Chambers, Murdoch University 

The Perth-Peel region hosts an especially high species richness within biodiverse southwestern Australia (Hopper and Gioia 2004). However, this biodiversity is being restricted to increasingly smaller and fragmented reserves due to accelerating urbanisation. Conservation reserves alone will not sustain our biodiversity into the future, connectivity is required between them to enable gene flow between populations and increase the size of resources available to flora and fauna. Naturelinks provide a mechanism to enable this connectivity by incorporating nature into the fabric of our city. Naturelinks connect conservation reserves along a route, by upgrading urban land uses to become more nature-friendly through provision of shelter, food, safe passages and ‘stepping stones’ of habitat for wildlife. NatureLink Perth has identified the most effective routes for naturelinks between reserves using least cost path modelling. Interactive mapping tools provide a transparent communication and decision-making mechanism to engage all stakeholders in the journey to activate these routes through nature-friendly transformations of all land uses. Importantly, the tools are accessible to everyone. NatureLink Perth facilitates the collaboration of all stakeholders – community, government, industry and research to work together. To date, three naturelinks have been initiated. Two are regional linkages: Kings Park to Bold Park and input into the Cockburn Community Wildlife Corridor and associated naturelink. Excitingly, the third was completely community driven to create a local naturelink in an area so depauperate in green cover (10.9% canopy), it could not currently support regional naturelinks. This talk will outline the process of stakeholder engagement and empowerment to connect people to each other, to nature and to country to improve the urban landscape and quality of life for all species in Perth, including humans. 

Halalmt1 Encoding Malate Transporter in Cluster Roots Formed by Hakea Laurina 

Hirotsuna Yamada, Hiroshima University 

Co-Authors: 
Lydia Ratna Bunthara, Hiroshima University 
Akira Tanaka, Saga University 
Wakana Tanaka, Hiroshima University 
Sho Nishida, Saga University / Okayama University 
Takayuki Sasaki, Okayama University 
Jun Wasaki, Hiroshima University 

Generally, plants grown under phosphorus (P) deficiency exudate carboxylates actively to access immobilized P in soil. Hakea lurina is a native Proteaceae species in Western Australia and they form unique morphological roots, so-called cluster roots (CRs). Although Proteaceae plants have tolerance to extremely low-P, it is not well understood about the molecular mechanisms. Therefore, aim of this study is isolation and characterization of a malate transporter in H. laurina and investigate its function. 
We isolated a cDNA for an ALMT (aluminum-activated malate transporter) family induced in CRs of H. laurina according to RNA-Seq analysis and designated as HalALMT1. Electrophysiological measurements using two-electrode voltage clamp technique in Xenopus laevis oocytes injected cRNA of HalALMT1 revealed the malate transport activities. Additionally, they were highly induced under Al3+ addition in outside solution, suggesting HalALMT1 is activated by Al3+ exposure. pH at rhizosphere should be decreased along with carboxylate exudation, which brings Al3+ solubilization. Transport activation by Al3+ could be to protect roots from its toxicity. Furthermore, the HalALMT1 overexpression lines in Arabidopsis thaliana showed significantly increase of malate exudation from roots regardless of P-concentration in the medium. The fluorescence of GFP::HalALMT1 observed in the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis transgenic roots. While, in situ hybridization of HalALMT1 mRNA in CR rootlets of H. laurina revealed its spatial expression. HalALMT1 was expressed in cortex approximately 500 µm away from tips, suggesting HalALMT1 contributes to absorbing P apoplastically from CR-trapped soil. Also, this site is corresponded with not only where malate releases from under -P in lateral root of Arabidopsis but also where acid phosphatase in CRs of Lupinus albus actives at, indicating that malate release might be occurred at the same region of acid phosphatase activation.  

Health Assessment of Barrow Island Burrowing Bettongs 

Jessica Johnston, Astron Environmental Services 

During routine annual monitoring of the Burrowing Bettong (Bettongia lesueur) on Barrow Island conducted by Chevron Australia Pty Ltd (Chevron Australia) and Astron Environmental Services (Astron) in 2022, some animals were observed to be in poor physical condition, with elevated ectoparasite loads and varying degrees of apparent hair and weight loss. In a joint collaborative response with Chevron Australia, the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions and Astron, additional surveys were conducted to assess the health of the population, with a suite of samples taken including tissue, blood, nasal and rectal swabs, skin scrapings and collection of ectoparasites. Although capture rates were reduced, animals recaptured appeared to be in reasonable health during follow-up surveys as indicated by generally good body condition scores, unremarkable blood results, and evidence of reproductive success. Ectoparasites, whilst present, were identified as native to Barrow Island and generally low in number. Hair loss/damage was observed to be mostly minor and a result of abrasive action rather than disease or adverse skin condition. Blood sample results were all within reference ranges, except for most individuals exhibiting low calcium levels compared to reference levels from the Brush-tailed Bettong. The initial observations of significant hair loss on the tail and rump, lesions/scabs where hair was lost, high ectoparasite loads and some cases of weight loss during annual monitoring appear to have been temporary in severity, although their original cause remains unknown. Environmental conditions preceding the survey are a possible factor, particularly as significant rainfall had followed a period of drought possibly triggering a surge in disease-carrying vectors such as ectoparasites. 

Torturous Tecticornia Taxonomy: Using Modern Molecular Tools to Gain Insights into Salt-Loving Samphires (Chenopodiaceae) 

Kelly Shepherd, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 

Co-Authors: 
Anže Žerdoner Čalasan, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 
Gudrun Kadereit, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 

Halophytic samphires (Tecticornia and Salicornia: Chenopodiaceae), thrive in extreme saline habitats where few other plants survive. In arid regions, these remarkably resilient plants tolerate cycles of drought, punctuated by periods of waterlogging following cyclonic rainfall events. With increasing prospectivity interest in and around salt lakes, there is a need to accurately document species to facilitate conservation assessment and management decisions. Global aridification is also leading to an interest in developing samphires as a potential food resource that can be grown using saline water. It is ironic then that while these plants are easily recognised at the landscape level, forming the dominant vegetation across coastal and inland saline habitats, individually samphires are incredibly difficult to identify to species. With no leaves and obscure flowers, obvious diagnostic features are limited. Moreover, fruit and seeds which are essential for identification are only available seasonally. Samphires also exhibit ecological plasticity, high levels of polyploidy with likely hybrids and potential apomicts (producing seed asexually), all factors that further complicate our understanding of species. At the same time, these factors ensure the adaptive success of the group. To clarify the evolutionary history of Tecticornia and relationships among species, we employed a target sequencing molecular approach using an Angiosperms353 bait set as part of the Genomics for Australian Plants project, as well as custom designed ‘Salibaits’ bait set. Analyses are providing a new framework to support ongoing taxonomic studies, clarifying allied species and the genetic uniqueness of potentially new species. In time it is hoped that molecular methods can be developed to a point where end users can utilise them for accurate species determination, offering a powerful tool to finally disentangle the taxonomic complexity for which this infamous group is known. 

Use of Carrion Fly iDNA Metabarcoding to Monitor Invasive and Native Mammals 

Bill Bateman, Curtin University 

Co-Authors: 
Kristen Fernandes, University of Otago/Curtin University 
Ben Saunders, Curtin University 
Michael Bunce, Ministry of Health NZ / Institute of Environmental Science and Research 
Kristine Bohmann, University of Copenhagen 
Paul Nevill, Curtin University 

Severely fragmented habitats increase the risks towards native mammal populations through isolation, increased edge effects, and predation. Therefore, monitoring the movement of mammal populations through anthropogenically-altered landscapes can be a valuable tool for conservation. Here we use metabarcoding of invertebrate-derived DNA (iDNA) from carrion flies to track mammal populations in the Wheatbelt Region of southwestern Australia, where widespread clearing for agriculture has removed most of the native perennial vegetation and replaced it with an agricultural system. Using this technique, we investigated whether the localization of the iDNA signal reflected the predicted distribution of four native species – echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus), woylie (Bettongia penicillata), and chuditch (Dasyurus geoffroii) – and two non-native, invasive mammal species – fox (Vulpes vulpes) and feral cat (Felis catus). We collected bulk iDNA samples (n = 150 samples, totalling 3,428 carrion flies) at a single time point from three conservation reserves and road edges between them. We detected 14 of the 40 mammal species known from the region, including our target species. Detections of target native taxa were centred on conservation reserves, with some detections from road edges nearby. We detected foxes and feral cats throughout the study area, including all conservation reserves. There was a significant difference between the diversity and composition of taxa on road edges and conservation reserves: conservation reserves hosted more native biodiversity than did road edges. Our data suggest that the signals from iDNA reflect the known distribution of target mammals in this region. With further development, iDNA metabarcoding could assist in decision-making surrounding the conservation of endangered taxa, invasive species management and impacts of habitat fragmentation. 

Improved Population Estimates for Two Significant Macropod Species Using RPA Thermal Imaging 

Blair Hardman, Chevron Australia 

Co-Authors: 
Jessica Johnston, Astron 
William Wishart, Multi Scan 
Julian Kalau, Chevron Australia 

Chevron Australia identified the potential for thermal monitoring of Barrow Island macropods, specifically to apply remote sensing technology to monitor terrestrial fauna based on detection of heat signatures, distinguishing between the Barrow Island Euro (Osphranter robustus isabellensis) and Spectacled Hare-wallaby (Lagorchestes conspicillatus conspicillatus). Astron Environmental Services, in partnership with its established airborne data acquisition provider, Multi Scan, was commissioned to undertake the study. This method utilising Remotely-Piloted Aircraft (RPA) fitted with a thermal sensor has now been adopted for monitoring these two species, replacing the traditional on-ground night-time distance sampling methods on foot. 
Some of the key challenges included the ability to distinguish between the species, suitable weather conditions for optimum data collection, survey transect design to maximise RPA flight time and obtaining a large enough encounter rate to derive robust population models. Following two years of initial trials a high level of confidence in Barrow Island Euro and Spectacled Hare-wallaby detections could be detected following refinement of the RPA thermal detection method in 2022. 
Benefits of using RPA thermal imaging for surveying macropod species included increased survey efficiencies, reduced health and safety risks to personnel, reduced invasiveness to animals, improved confidence in estimates of population size and a permanent archived record of the footage. 

Genome Skimming to Support Environmental Surveys of Western Australian Plants 

Joel Huey, Biologic Environmental 

Co-Authors: 
Ryonen Butcher, Biologic Environmental 
Clinton van den Bergh, Biologic Environmental Survey 
Nihara Nihara Gunawardene, Biologic Environmental 

Environmental surveys depend on the expedient and accurate identification of species collected from the field. Plants are often challenging to identify because reproductive material (flowers, fruits) may be absent depending on the survey season, or due to hybridisation or phenotypic variation across environmental gradients. Additionally, genetic approaches can be stymied by low variation at barcoding regions, typical for many plant groups. Here, we explore the application of genome skimming in Eremophila (Scrophulariaceae) and Prostanthera (Lamiaceae), diverse genera regularly encountered in environmental surveys in Western Australia. Genome Skimming uses next-generation sequencing to sequence the entire genome of samples at low coverage. From these datasets we can extract high copy number regions of the genome, at relatively low cost. These datasets include the plastid genome (>150 kbp) and the nuclear ribosomal DNA region (>7.5 kbp), and include all of the gene fragments typically used in phylogenetics. Using case studies, we discuss how these large genomic datasets can help improve taxonomic identifications, identify hybridisation, and test species boundaries in putatively new species. 

eDNA Metabarcoding? A New Approach to the Monitoring of Mine Site Restoration 

Paul Nevill, Curtin University 

Co-Authors: 
Grant Wardell-Johnson, Curtin University 
Nicole White, Curtin University 
Kristen Fernandes, University of Otago 
Mieke van-der Heyde, Curtin University 
Michael Bunce, Institute of Environmental Science and Research 
Kingsley Dixon, Curtin University 

Monitoring is critical to mine site restoration to track trajectories, enable adaptive management, and demonstrate achievement of goals. However, traditional monitoring approaches are time-consuming and expensive, and so are often undertaken ineffectively. Application of molecular tools has made important contributions to understanding restoration success, and eDNA metabarcoding is a relatively recent tool to monitor ecosystem recovery. Here, we discuss our application of eDNA metabarcoding to monitoring biodiversity recovery in the Pilbara, Swan Coastal Plain and Jarrah Forest. Implementing eDNA-based surveys in restoration monitoring requires informed design, including understanding of the local environment and the ecology of target taxa in choice of suitable biological substrate. Many variables in sample design, including spatial heterogeneity, reference sites, replication, and sampling protocols can introduce variability and reduce repeatability of surveys or studies. The selection of a suitable metabarcoding assay depends on the target(s) of the survey, and the robustness of reference barcodes. Finally, recognition of the biases and limitations of eDNA methodologies are required to interpret the data and generate robust inferences. DNA-based biomonitoring of ecological restoration can increase the scope of biomonitoring, but requires consideration of survey design and sample storage over multi-year timescales. 

Do Small Mammals Perceive Safety at Artificial Refuges? 

Tenaya Duncan, Murdoch University 

Co-Authors: 
Trish Fleming, Murdoch University 
Michelle Hall, Bush Heritage 
Stuart Dawson, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development 

Habitat disturbance causes loss of protective cover in the landscape, which can increase predation risk for small mammals. Artificial refuges are management tools that can replace shelter lost due to disturbance; understanding whether artificial refuges successfully reduce predation risk is unclear. In this study, we investigated whether artificial refuges provide ‘safe’ refuges in disturbed landscapes for small mammal species. Experimental sites were paired in low and high-stock impacted sites at Hamelin reserve and replicated four times. Each site consisted of 4 plots, with three artificial refuge types (corrugated iron, pallets or fence posts) and a control plot. We conducted giving-up-density experiments (GUDs), to understand the perceived predation risk by small mammals at refuges. Foraging trays mixed with 20 mealworms and sand were placed at each plot in the evenings under a downward-facing camera to identify which species were foraging. The GUD represents the number of mealworms left by small mammals in foraging trays the following morning. These experiments were repeated over three nights, and the mean GUD for each plot was calculated. Preliminary findings show spinifex hopping mice (Notomys alexis) were the only species to forage at the trays. Preliminary results show no significant effect of the level of disturbance (ANOVA, F value = 0.00, p-value = 0.987) and refuge type (ANOVA, F value = 0.871, p-value = 0.470) on GUD. There is also no interaction effect (ANOVA, F value = 0.202, p-value 0.894) on GUD for spinifex hopping mice. Early analysis shows that no one refuge type significantly reduces the perceived predation risk for spinifex hopping mice in disturbed landscapes. By understanding the behavioural response of species to artificial refuges, we can assist in future designs that can provide ‘safe’ habitats. The outcomes of this research can increase our knowledge of how small mammals may use artificial refuges and assist in management decisions. 

The Effectiveness of eDNA as a Monitoring Tool for Infauna in the Inter-Tidal Zone 

Harrison Carmody, BMT 

Co-Authors: 
Shane Herbert, eDNA Frontiers 
Kathryn Dawkins, eDNA Frontiers 
Michael Marnane, Chevron Technical Centre 
Paul de Lestang, Chevron Australia Pty Ltd 
Peter Michael, Chevron Australia Pty Ltd 
Steve Moore, Chevron Australia Pty Ltd 

The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) as a monitoring tool for sampling marine biodiversity is growing significantly. Traditional monitoring requires taxonomic analysis whereby individual specimens are characterised by an expert. The accuracy of the analyses relies on the expert’s ability to differentiate individual specimens. Alternatively, eDNA can characterise specimens with greater certainty of a positive identification. As such, there is significant interest from industry in eDNA’s use as a tool for baseline monitoring. 
However, several unknowns including how eDNA performs in comparison with taxonomic analyses; what assays are necessary; as well as which methods are suited to sampling infauna using eDNA analyses. Further, there is limited knowledge as to how eDNA performs in an intertidal environment where sediment exposure varies with tidal phase, which may impact DNA decay rates. Before eDNA can be used as a tool for sampling infauna biodiversity, these questions must be answered. In this study, sediment samples have been collected from the intertidal region of two locations from a sub tropical coastal habitat in Western Australia and analysed using taxonomic and eDNA approaches. The results of this study will be used to inform industry as to the most appropriate sampling and analysis approaches for monitoring infauna biodiversity. 

Monitoring the Birds and the Bees with Environmental DNA 

Joshua Newton, Curtin University 

Co-Authors: 
Paul Nevill, Curtin University 
Bill Bateman, Curtin University 
Matthew Heydenrych, The University of Western Australia 
Joshua Kestel, Curtin University 
Kingsley Dixon, Curtin University 
Kit Prendergast, Curtin University 
Nicole White, Curtin University 

Animal pollinators are vital for the reproduction of ~90% of flowering plants. However, many of these pollinating species are experiencing declines globally, making effective pollinator monitoring methods more important than ever before. Pollinators can leave DNA on the flowers they visit, and metabarcoding of these environmental DNA (eDNA) traces provides an opportunity to detect the presence of flower visitors. Our study, collecting flowers from seven plant species with diverse floral morphologies, for eDNA metabarcoding analysis, illustrated the value of this novel survey tool. eDNA metabarcoding using three assays, including one developed in this study to target common bush birds, recorded more animal species visiting flowers than visual surveys conducted concurrently, including birds, bees, and other species. We also recorded the presence of a flower visit from a western pygmy possum; to our knowledge this is the first eDNA metabarcoding study to simultaneously identify the interaction of insect, mammal, and bird species with flowers. The highest diversity of taxa was detected on large inflorescence flower types found on Banksia arborea and Grevillea georgeana. The study demonstrates that the ease of sample collection and the robustness of the metabarcoding methodology has profound implications for future management of biodiversity, allowing us to monitor both plants and their attendant cohort of potential pollinators. This opens avenues for rapid and efficient comparison of biodiversity and ecosystem health between different sites and may provide insights into surrogate pollinators in the event of pollinator declines. 

Kinship Assessment and Insights into Reproductive Behaviour of Critically Endangered Green Sawfish Pristis Zijsron in Western Australia 

Jack Ingelbrecht, Murdoch University 

Co-Authors: 
Karissa Lear, Murdoch University 
Nicole Phillips, The University of Southern Mississippi 
Barbara Wueringer, Sharks and Rays Australia 
Alan Lymbery, Murdoch University 
Bradley Norman, Murdoch University 
Paul de Lestang, Chevron Australia 
Steven Moore, Chevron Australia 
David Morgan, Murdoch University 

Green Sawfish (Pristis zijsron) are Critically Endangered globally, having suffered severe population declines and range contractions over the previous century. The relatively recent discovery of a globally important pupping site and nursery area in Western Australia’s Pilbara region provided a unique opportunity to assess kinship and philopatry of the species using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Sampling for P. zijsron in the Onslow region was conducted in the Ashburton River Delta and adjacent tidal creeks in 2011 (n = 36) and 2020–2021 (n = 32). Kinship was inferred by reconstructing pedigrees from the genotypes of 60 sawfish, with female philopatry examined by simulating parental genotypes. Overall, three matrilineal generations were present in reconstructed pedigrees, suggesting female philopatry to parturition sites. The total number of dams contributing to sites across both time periods was estimated to be between 26 to 29. Thirty full siblings (from 11 litters) were detected amongst samples, 29 of which were captured at the same site as their full sibling/s, suggesting strong site fidelity in juvenile P. zijsron. Also identified were 11 half siblings, and 38 third-degree relatives, including maternal and paternal half siblings, indicating polygamy in both sexes. The number of first-, second-, and third-degree relatives amongst samples suggests a high degree of relatedness in the sample sites, with 50% of samples being related to at least one other sampled individual to the first-degree, and 75% related to at least one other individual up to the third-degree. Corroborating evidence for female philopatry in P. zijsron highlights the importance of protecting nursery areas for this, and potentially other sawfish, species. The high degree of relatedness amongst samples highlights the need for future studies to investigate the incidence of inbreeding and effective population size to assess the health of this globally important population. 

Using Genomic Data to Inform the Conservation Management of a Narrow-Range Endemic Plant Species in the Pilbara Region of Western Australia 

João Filipe, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 

Co-Authors: 
Rachel Binks, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions  
Margaret Byrne, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 

The vast and varied landscapes of Western Australia are host to many naturally rare plant species with limited geographic range and specialised ecological requirements in remote locations. These species have evolved and persisted in their narrow niches over very long time frames but their continued persistence may be threatened by encroaching anthropogenic interactions. Unfortunately, conservation management in these cases can be limited because remote species remain poorly known due to access and resource constraints. Tetratheca butcheriana is one such species, patchily confined to 7km2 of banded ironstone in the Pilbara region. Working in collaboration with Rio Tinto, we had the opportunity to survey the species’ range and assess genomic variation across this range to get a baseline understanding of the health and natural dynamics of the species. Despite the very narrow geographic range, we detected strong genetic differentiation (FST=0.10–0.26) separating the species into five genetic subpopulations that aligned with patchy distributional gaps of at least 1km. Fine scale spatial genetic structuring within subpopulations varied, indicating very limited dispersal within smaller subpopulations and increased connectivity in the larger and more continuous subpopulations. Levels of genetic diversity were moderate and consistent across all subpopulations, such that coupled with strong differentiation, all subpopulations harbour unique genetic variation that contributes significantly to the species’ overall diversity. We discuss how these data will allow a full assessment of conservation status, identify management needs and inform impact assessments for any future mining activities that may arise in this resource-rich region. 

From Islands to Mainland: Understanding Population Structure and Genetic Variation in Relictual, Geographically Isolated Populations 

Kate Rick, The University of Western Australia 

Co-Authors: 
Kym Ottewell, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 
Kenny Travouillon, The Western Australian Museum 
Nicola Mitchell, The University of Western Australia 

Utilising genetic information in conservation programs is vital to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. Evaluation of the genetic variability within and among contemporary populations can be used to maximise species’ adaptive potential, mitigate negative impacts of inbreeding, and subsequently minimise risk of extinction. Conservation planning requires an understanding of the genetic relationships among populations. In this study, we conducted a genetic assessment of the golden bandicoot (Isoodon auratus), a threatened marsupial endemic to northern Australia, using reduced representation sequencing. The currently recognised taxon consists of three subspecies distributed among multiple natural and translocated populations found on continental islands, within fenced reserves and a relictual mainland population in the Kimberley, Western Australia. We identify four genetic clusters within I. auratus, exhibiting substantial genetic differentiation (pairwise FST values ranging from 0.28 to 0.83), reflecting long-term isolation of some populations on offshore islands and the influence of genetic drift. Mainland populations in the west Kimberley region represent the greatest reservoir of genetic diversity for conservation management against future declines. Overall, we highlight the importance of understanding population genetic structure when considering the loss of genetic diversity across genetically diverged island populations. Such information is crucial to incorporate when developing conservation strategies for threatened species, such as ecosystem restoration programs. 

An Observational Assessment of the Feeding Ecology and Behaviours of Loggerhead Turtles Caretta Caretta in Bateman Bay, Western Australia 

Christopher O’Brien, Murdoch University 

Loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta are a globally distributed species of marine turtle. One of the largest populations of C. caretta occurs on the Western Australian coastline, however little is known about the in-water habits and ecology of this population, making effective management and protection of the species difficult. This study aimed to establish crucial baseline data and identify key aspects of the ecology of a population of C. caretta in Bateman Bay, Western Australia focusing on (i) seasonal habitat usage, (ii) seasonal feeding effort, and (iii) ecological relationships with other marine megafauna, done so through an in-water observational assessment. Sampling occurred over three sampling periods (SPs) in Mid-Autumn (MA), Mid-Winter (MW) and Late Winter/Early Spring (LW/ES). A clear shift in habitat use was identified between MA and latter SPs, shifting from a predominantly macroalgae habitat to a sandy habitat. This shift coincided with higher incidence of green turtle Chelonia mydas sightings in the areas of higher macroalgae abundance and may be an indication of competition between the species for one or more resources. Despite this habitat shift, mean feeding and foraging effort did not fluctuate significantly between SPs. Mapped observation tracks show at least three major feeding grounds in sandy habitat. Mining behaviour was observed in recordings of four individual turtles and for all three SPs, a significantly higher mean number of feeding attempts was found in feeding areas where mining had occurred versus in feeding areas where it had not. All instances of mining in sandy habitat occurred in feeding depressions found within the three major feeding grounds identified and were likely made by benthic ray species over MW and LW/ES. These findings have provided a baseline for the feeding and behavioural ecology of C. caretta in the region and pose several avenues for further research into the species and this particular community’s in-water habits. 

The Fauna Portal Australia: An Online Identification Platform for Undescribed Species 

Volker Framenau, Murdoch University 

Co-Author: 
Heiko Metzner, psbrands GmbH 

Approximately 70–80% of Australian invertebrates are undescribed causing considerable problems in ecological and biodiversity studies and conservation assessments. For example, a confusing array of parataxonomic systems exist for many taxonomic groups in mandatory environmental assessments of short-range endemic terrestrial invertebrates and subterranean fauna in Western Australia. Taxonomic experts and consultancies often protect their knowledge due to a perceived marketing advantage and their taxonomic decisions are being accepted without scientific scrutiny. Within this context, assessing the true distribution of species and their conservation status is often unreliable and this uncertainty leads to project delays and cost overruns. We present the pilot version of an innovative online identification platform, the Fauna Portal Australia (www.faunaportal.org), that addresses these problems by applying rigorous taxonomic principles (publication, reference specimen, diagnosis) for undescribed species using a stable numerical morpho-code. Parataxonomic hypotheses are published and open to scientific scrutiny. The Fauna Portal uses morphological and geographic filters to allow the side-by-side comparison of diagnostic features at family and genus level for rapid identification. Scientific reproducibility is assured by only listing data from specimen deposited in public collections. It currently also allows a simple listing of genetic data for each species. In addition to its use to rapidly document undescribed fauna, it also provides a one-stop-shop identification platform for described species, accessible by mobile phone, tablet or computer. 

Environmental Factors that Influence Corridor Use in a Modified Landscape, the Dryandra Woodland National Park, Western Australia 

Joel Wilson, Murdoch University 

Co-Authors: 
Trish Fleming, Murdoch University 
Kate Bryant, Murdoch University 

Western Australia’s Wheatbelt region has been heavily modified for agriculture, endangering populations of threatened species. Where habitat isolation has occurred, connectivity features such as vegetation associated with roadside reserves and riparian zones may be used to connect larger blocks of remnant vegetation. The Dryandra Woodland National Park is a substantially modified landscape composed of 17 blocks of native vegetation that are variously connected with each other via corridors. These corridors range from a few hundred metres to a few kilometres long, and vegetation ranges from sparse trees to intact woodland vegetation. The national park is home to important populations of Critically Endangered woylie (Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi), Endangered numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus), and Vulnerable chuditch (Dasyurus geoffroii). This project is investigating the use of corridors by these three native mammals, as well as introduced predators (feral cat Felis catus and red fox Vulpes vulpes). A total of 80 sites have been selected to represent a range of variables that could impact on corridor use by fauna, assessed using passive infrared (PIR) heat-in-motion camera traps. One camera trap will be deployed at each site, on the edge of the remnant vegetation facing towards the corridor. Camera trap rate for the native and introduced mammals will be compared with vegetation assessment undertaken at each site. Vegetation assessments will include measures of canopy cover, understory vegetation density and number of fallen logs as well as a measure of total native vegetation cover at each site. Understanding vegetation factors associated with corridor use could then be used to re-establish connections between habitats through targeted revegetation.

Marcel Karume, Primate Expertise

Co-Author:
Salomon Bazibuhe, Primate Expertise

As a result of population growth, forest and aquatic ecosystems continue to be degraded by uncontrolled human use of resources. Areas not only used for human activities (agriculture, livestock, fishing, etc.) but also for biodiversity conservation such as protected areas are unfortunately affected by this situation (Keenleyside et al. 2013). This is the case of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) and its periphery. Contributing to the recovery of these ecosystems so that they can continue to provide the same ecosystem services as before its degradation is therefore urgent and necessary. Thus, we have sought to promote gardens of medicinal plants associated with flagship plants whose fruits are consumed by great apes (Ape treesTM) and also to integrate the medicinal knowledge of indigenous peoples (IPs) in a logic of reconstituting a local knowledge that is gradually eroding. It is also a question of reconstituting the collective memory of the indigenous peoples in relation to the knowledge of the nearby Bantu populations. We conducted a survey which showed that the communities living around Kahuzi treat around 73 diseases using the ‘Ape treesTM ‘, which are forest trees whose fruits are consumed by the great apes. The threat to these trees is therefore justified and the need for domestication and restoration using these species may be necessary not only in Kahuzi where it provides an additional source of food for the primates but also within the communities where it provides an alternative source of natural products for the treatment of disease, extraction for fuelwood or for construction.

Finally, after screening, we found that some of these forest plants contain useful chemical molecules that can destroy pathogens.

Translocations Restore a Population of a Threatened Rock-Wallaby and Bolster its Genetic Diversity 

Kristen Nilsson, Department of Water and Environmental Regulation 

Co-Authors: 
David Pearson, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 
Mike Paxman, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 
Anthony Desmond, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 
Jason Kennington, The University of Western Australia 
Margaret Byrne, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 
Kym Ottewell, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 

Black-flanked rock-wallabies (Petrogale lateralis lateralis) exist in small and isolated populations across Western Australia, making them highly susceptible to loss of genetic diversity and increased extinction risk. Conservation translocations are frequently implemented to improve threatened species population sizes with ongoing monitoring required to assess their short- to long-term demographic and genetic success. From 2016 to 2018, 72 wallabies from two widely-separated locations (WA Wheatbelt, Cape Range NP) were translocated to Kalbarri NP. Just prior to the translocation, an extant population of rock-wallabies was discovered in the Murchison River gorge within Kalbarri NP. We used 15 microsatellite markers to investigate genetic structure amongst populations and whether genetic diversity was bolstered by introducing multiple source populations as part of the translocation process. A population viability analysis was used to model admixture within translocated populations over a ten-year period post-translocation. Twenty-five new animals were trapped during post-translocation monitoring including three indigenous to Kalbarri and four sired by Kalbarri males. Merging Wheatbelt and Cape Range wallabies, with the addition of Kalbarri individuals in the breeding pool, resulted in translocated populations showing higher genetic diversity at the end of the monitoring period (He = 0.578 – 0.663, AR = 2.7 – 3.1) and in the simulated populations ten years post-translocation (He = 0.572 – 0.613, AR =2.6 – 2.8), relative to the two main Wheatbelt source populations. Whilst parentage analysis demonstrated successful breeding between Kalbarri and Wheatbelt individuals, it is important to monitor the survival of offspring to assess sustainability of the population and possible outbreeding depression effects. 

Addressing Challenges in Seadragon Conservation with Long-Term Citizen Science Engagement 

Christine Tustison, The University of Western Australia 

Co-Authors: 
Nerida Wilson, Western Australian Museum 
Heather Bray, The University of Western Australia 
Greg Rouse, University of California San Diego 

Australia’s Great Southern Reef (GSR) spans the country’s southern coast from New South Wales to Western Australia and is considered a global hotspot for marine diversity. Many of the species found in the GSR are native to and only exist along its rocky reefs, including a unique group of pipefishes called seadragons. Common and leafy seadragons, the two species living in coastal waters, are marine conservation flagships due to their unique appearances and behaviors. Despite their value as Australian endemics and ambassadors for the GSR, seadragon populations are still poorly understood, and data needed for evidence-based conservation planning is lacking. A citizen science initiative, SeadragonSearch, seeks to address these knowledge gaps by involving communities in data collection. Anyone who photographs seadragons is invited to submit imagery to the SeadragonSearch database, where the images are analyzed by researchers to create time series for individual fish. These time series can be used to estimate population sizes, observe abundance trends, and document reproductive events- information that is needed to assess extinction risk for seadragons and plan appropriate protections. The success of SeadragonSearch depends on the sustained engagement of citizen scientists, and as such, collaboration between scientists and volunteers is a priority of the project. Through systematic dialoguing with communities and developing the project in accordance with their feedback, SeadragonSearch aims to provide a model for long-term local stewardship of seadragons and the GSR’s many other diverse species.

Fire Ecology in the Urban Bushlands of Perth 

Russell Miller, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 

Co-Author: 
Ben Miller, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 

Fire is a natural disturbance in many terrestrial ecosystems, and many native species have developed an incredible array of traits and strategies to embrace, avoid or tolerate the effects of fire. However, in urban landscapes, species’ responses to fire can be complicated by pressures from weeds, fragmentation, diseases, feral animals, and general human disturbance. This paper presents ongoing research on fire ecology and management in the urban bushlands of Perth, many of which include threatened Banksia woodlands. This research is investigating how native plant communities and key plant species respond to different fire regimes, and how invasive grassy weeds affect fuels and native species’ fire responses. I will also discuss the challenges of managing fire in an urban bushland context where fire is a natural process, but where inappropriate fire regimes and weed invasions can lead to ecological degradation. 

Increasing Native Bee Populations with Artificial Nesting Pots 

Freya Jackson, Murdoch University 

Co-Authors: 
Wei Xu, Murdoch University 
Giles Hardy, Murdoch University 
Kit Prendergast, Murdoch University 

Most bee species worldwide nest underground in the soil, with populations declining due to habitat loss and degradation. While there is abundant information available on artificial nests (i.e., bee hotels) to promote above-ground bees, there is a significant lack of knowledge on the nesting preferences and effective methods for encouraging ground nesting by bees. Therefore, artificial nesting pots designed to attract a single Australian native bee species (Homalictus dotatus) were installed at Murdoch University and monitored over two successive years. Artificial nesting pots were developed using information gained from preliminary experiments that identified H. dotatus nesting preferences (i.e., preferred nesting substrate, soil surface cover, and water requirements). All twelve artificial nesting pots used in the study were colonized by H. dotatus within the first 24 hours of installment. Nesting pots were successfully transported into greenhouse spaces with aggregations maintained all throughout the year. However, the ability of this species to perform as an effective greenhouse pollinator remains unknown. Overall, this study represents an important step towards understanding and conserving ground-nesting bee populations, and the development of effective infrastructure for their conservation. 

A Total Evidence Approach to Resolve the Taxonomy of the Bandicoot Genus Isoodon (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia), and its Implications for Their Conservation 

Kenny Travouillon, Western Australian Museum 

Co-Authors: 
Terry Bertozzi, South Australian Museum 
Emily Roycroft, Australian National University 
Steven Cooper, South Australian Museum 
Anna MacDonald, Australian National University 

Since European colonisation of Australia, bandicoots in the genus Isoodon have been heavily affected by the introduction of feral predators and changes to the landscape, resulting in the contraction of their distribution and loss of genetic diversity. Their taxonomy has also been a challenge. In the 1800s and early 1900s, up to 11 species were named in the genus, but by the 1990s, only three species were recognised (I. auratus, I. macrourus and I obesulus), with the remaining eight taxa considered subspecies. In the early 2000s, mitochondrial DNA sequences found I. auratus nested within I. obesulus, raising the possibility that only two species were valid in the genus. However, later studies found that I. obesulus was paraphyletic and two additional species are now recognised, I. peninsulae and I. fusciventer, previously subspecies of I. obesulus. To resolve the taxonomy of this genus, we have opted for a total evidence approach, using both morphological and molecular techniques, including sampling specimens from their historical and extant distributions. Types were also examined and sampled for DNA analyses. Molecular data were generated from 1000s of nuclear gene loci using exon capture as part of the Oz Mammal Genomics initiative. Our results found two additional species and several new subspecies, previously unnamed. This new taxonomic framework has important implications for the conservation management of Isoodon species, with current translocation plans of mixing populations. 

Low-Tech Vibrating Machine Stimulates Hatching in Captivity for a Critically Endangered Turtle and Egg-Laying for Threatened Frog Species 

Harriet Mills, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 

Co-Authors: 
Cathy Lambert, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 
Tammy Goad, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions  
Lesley Shaw, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions  
Vicki Power, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions  
Peter Mawson, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 

Various factors have been identified as being important in the production of eggs and their subsequent hatching across a range of taxa. There is growing recognition of the importance of environmental cues in the timing and synchronicity of egg-laying and hatching. Aside from well-recognised factors such as temperature, humidity and light, factors such as embryonic communication, flooding and vibration may also be critical cues for some species. We present evidence of vibration as a stimulus for hatching in a threatened freshwater turtle, the western swamp tortoise (Pseudemydura umbrina), and for egg-laying in two species of threatened frogs; white-bellied frogs (Anstisia alba) and orange-bellied frogs (A. vitellina). Data were collected from captive animals held at Perth Zoo in breed for release and head-starting programs. We describe a simple, low-tech device that has been used successfully to stimulate egg hatching and laying in these species and speculate that artificial vibration mimics heavy rainfall that is an important seasonal cue. 

How Can Big Data Save Sea Turtles?

Jenna Hounslow, Murdoch University

Co-Authors:
Sabrina Fossette,  Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
Arnold Van Rooijen, The University of Western Australia
Anton Tucker, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
Scott Whiting, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
Adrian Gleiss, Murdoch University

Habitat suitability models (HSMs) are popular tools used to inform conservation planning, using species location data to characterise species-environment relationships and identify important habitats. Suitable habitats may vary according to behaviour-specific resource requirements (e.g., foraging, resting), yet HSMs generally ignore behaviour because obtaining spatially explicit behavioural data from wild animals is challenging. As such, suitable habitats may be incorrectly identified and processes determining habitat selection may be misinterpreted. High-resolution multi-sensor biologgers offer unprecedented behavioural insight but are under-utilised in the context of HSMs.
We incorporate behaviour into HSMs using biologging data collected from adult flatback turtles Natator depressus (n = 42) in Western Australia. We identify suitable habitat for key in-water behaviours and investigate the influence of environmental variables on behaviour-specific habitat suitability. Locations of foraging and resting were derived from movement data (e.g. accelerometer, magnetometer) coupled with animal-borne video and GPS data, then combined with 10 environmental variables (i.e. bathymetry, aspect, slope, terrain ruggedness, distance from the coast and tidal currents). A series of random forest (RF) HSMs were implemented for each behaviour, accounting for temporal variation in habitat use. RF HSMs (AUC >0.87) demonstrated fine-scale quantitative differences in characteristics of suitable resting and foraging habitat; bathymetry, distance from the coast, and tidal currents were important features of behaviour-specific habitat suitability. Intertidal areas were primarily suitable for foraging and proximate subtidal areas for resting. Advantageous use of tidal currents likely maximised net energy gain where tidal displacement costs are high. Generalisable to a broad range of taxa and study systems, our approach facilitates a better understanding of the drivers of habitat selection.

What Can We Do With Poo? Using Molecular Analysis of Scats to Inform Mammal Conservation 

Anna Hopkins, Edith Cowan University 
Co-Authors: 
Shannon Treloar, Edith Cowan University 
Rachyl Stover, Edith Cowan University 
Rob Davis, Edith Cowan University 
Kym Ottewell, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 
Cheryl Lohr, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 
Leonie Valentine, WWF 

Globally, biodiversity loss is a key environmental threat caused primarily by loss of habitat and the introduction of exotic species. Australia has one of the highest extinction records in the world for mammals, with 30 mammal species now extinct. Translocations to closed systems such as fenced reserves are commonly used for the conservation of threatened fauna worldwide and although fenced reserves can provide significant conservation benefits to biodiversity, such closed systems require close monitoring. Molecular analysis of scat is increasingly being used as a non-invasive and reliable method for monitoring fauna. This presentation outlines two case studies from Western Australia with contrasting applications of molecular analysis of scats from threatened mammals. The first case study outlines the use of mammal DNA from scats as a tool for monitoring population growth and distribution in the trap shy mala (rufous hare-wallaby) in a reintroduced population. The second case study uses scat DNA to examine resource competition between two threatened mammals reintroduced into a predator-proof enclosure. The advantages of molecular analysis of scats for monitoring will be discussed as well as outlining areas where further research is required. 

Taking Animals to New Heights: Using Drones to Study and Manage Wildlife 

Ru Somaweera, Stantec 

Traditional methods of detecting fauna species and communities and changes over time are typically time-consuming, affected by observer bias, and may pose health and safety risks for researchers. Therefore, there is a pressing need for safer, more efficient, and accurate survey techniques to overcome these challenges. In recent times, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or ‘drones’ have revolutionized the ways in which species, communities, and ecosystems are studied, managed, restored, and conserved. With a range of new sensors available, ground-breaking advances have been made in surveying ecosystems that are too vast or remote to study on-ground, or for species considered too risky to approach or too cryptic to monitor via conventional methods. However, data-driven and objective studies comparing the different survey methods are scares. 
Recent drone-based work undertaken by Stantec has provided a framework to compare the efficacy, accuracy and limitations of the different drone-based survey methods in comparison to traditional ground-based methods. In one case at hand, Stantec in collaboration with multiple mining clients and the Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC) conducted traditional on-ground surveys and a drone-based RGB and thermal infrared surveys to detect mounds of threatened Malleefowl and compared the findings to other survey techniques including LiDAR. 
This presentation discusses the findings, potentials and limitations of drone-based methods for fauna surveys and how Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools could further advance these methods and apply across a wide range of fauna and geographies. 
Safer. Faster. Cost-effective. 

A New Method to Visualise Landscape Level Ecological Connectivity for Urban Biodiversity Planning 

Holly Kirk, RMIT University 

Supporting healthy nature in our cities can bring multiple benefits for people whilst mitigating the substantial impact that urban expansion and intensification has on biodiversity. Planning actions that support biodiversity in towns and cities can become complicated, with limited funds and space available. All animals need to move around the landscape, but cities are a complex matrix of fragmented habitat, non-habitat and barriers to movement. Ecological connectivity theory is increasingly being recognised as a method to measure potential animal movement across urban landscapes, helping to prioritise where new resources should be placed, and existing habitat protected. However, not all methods for measuring ecological connectivity are suitable for use in urban areas, where the granularity of the landscape is often highly variable. Other methods can provide a simpler landscape metric of habitat fragmentation but cannot provide a quantitative assessment of how much each habitat patch is contributing to overall connectivity. 
We demonstrate a method for quantifying and visualising the landscape level contribution towards ecological connectivity in the City of Knox, Victoria. This method rasterises an existing metric (effective mesh size, m_eff), allowing the identification of “ecological connectivity priority areas” across the LGA. The method also allows easier detection of places within the landscape with low connectivity value that could be targeted for action to improve overall movement of urban wildlife. We quantified species-specific connectivity for five target species in Knox, along with a visualisation of overall connectivity, which can be used to inform urban planning and urban biodiversity management decisions. 

Comparing Environmental DNA Collection Methods for Sampling Marine Biodiversity Associated with Natural and Artificial Habitats 

Michael Marnane, Chevron Technical Center 

Co-Authors: 
Jason Alexander, Curtin University 
Justin McDonald, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development 
Sherralee Lukehurst, Curtin University 
Travis Elsdon, Chevron Technical Center 
Tiffany Simpson, Ascension Island Government Conservation and Fisheries Directorate 
Shawn Hinz, Gravity Marine Consulting 
Michael Bunce, New Zealand Department of Conservation 
Euan Harvey, Curtin University 

Broad scale monitoring of marine biodiversity is challenging, with most conventional methods limited to sampling only a small portion of the actual diversity present. eDNA metabarcoding can be used for holistic sampling of marine biodiversity, and is becoming increasingly applied, particularly in logistically challenging locations such as ports and other marine infrastructure. eDNA studies have predominantly focused on the collection and isolation of DNA from bulk seawater, however literature suggests this approach may not detect as broadly from adjacent, epibenthic substrates. In this study we compare three eDNA collection methods targeting the water column and four methods targeting the epibenthos, with samples taken at two depths. All methods revealed significantly different detection compositions, with only 2.8% of families found in all methods. All but one method were able to detect fine scale community patterns associated with sampling depths. Epibenthic sampling methods detected 50 to 117 families, with methods that collected bulk DNA material detecting considerably lower diversity. The methods targeting the water column detected 78 to 154 families. Sampling methods that included use of sponge materials yielded a higher diversity, indicating that the physical sponge matrix may be better at retaining low DNA concentrations across a diverse range of taxa. This study provides a base toolkit for the broad characterisation of biodiversity associated with both natural habitat and artificial structures in the marine environment, such as oil and gas platforms. Additionally, these highly varied results demonstrate the importance of the correct selection of substrate and method for eDNA studies and indicate that multiple sampling methods may be required to holistically characterise biodiversity. 

The Sydney-Funnel Web-Spider Atrax Robustus: Toxin and Biodiversity Assets Raise a Call for Conservation

Danilo Harms, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change

Co-Authors:
Linda Hernandez Duran, James Cook University
Tasmin Rymer, James Cook University
David Wilson, James Cook University
Bruno A. Buzatto, Flinders University

Australia contains some of the most fascinating wildlife on the planet, but also some of the deadliest species. The Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) holds the Guinness World Record for the world’s most venomous spider, and the species is historically responsible for at least 13 fatalities. But what really is this spider? Originally described in 1877 from a juvenile specimen collected in “New Holland”, the species is thought to be widespread along the central coast of New South Wales, despite significant differences in habitat, morphology, and ecology between populations. Antivenom is produced from male field-collected specimens without much regard to their origins, so what if the world’s most venomous spider really is more than just one species? What are the consequences for human health and for the conservation of their diverse toxins as biological assets? In the present project, we are analyzing species-boundaries in A. robustus using a concerted effort of targeted field sampling, molecular genetics, behavioral ecology, and venom analyses. We hypothesize that Australia’s highly venomous spider is actually a complex of species, each with their own ecology, habitat preference, and venom structure. We predict that some of these species have narrower ranges and occur in areas of conservation concern, such as ongoing anthropogenic habitat loss in the Sydney metropolitan area. These species might be considered precious “flagship” taxa for conservation and holistic environmental management. The “true” A. robustus is an Australian icon and warrants detailed research to untangle the effects of increasing habitat fragmentation on its genetic structure and ecology.